Diagnostic Significance of the FIGO PALM–COEIN Classification in the Evaluation of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding: An Integrative Critical Review
Keywords:
abnormal uterine bleeding; FIGO; PALM–COEIN; heavy menstrual bleeding; endometrial polyps; adenomyosis; leiomyoma; endometrial hyperplasia; ovulatory dysfunction; hysteroscopy; transvaginal ultrasonography; real-world evidence; clinical decision support; diagnostic safety.Abstract
Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a symptom rather than a single disease, and diagnostic failure may follow when the bleeding phenotype is mistaken for an etiological diagnosis. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) PALM–COEIN system provides a common vocabulary for structural and nonstructural causes, but its practical diagno stic value depends on examination strategy, phenotype documentation, access to investigations, and competing risks. Objective: To critically evaluate the role of PALM–COEIN in triage, etiological work-up, longitudinal care, and real-world evidence generation, with particular attention to digital decision support and feasibility in Uzbekistan.
Downloads
References
1. Munro MG, Critchley HOD, Fraser IS; FIGO Menstrual Disorders Committee. The two FIGO systems for normal and abnormal uterine bleeding symptoms and classification of causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in the
