Estrogen Deficiency During Menopause: Consequences for Bone Metabolism and Cardiovascular Health
Keywords:
menopause; estrogen deficiency; bone remodeling; osteoporosis; fragility fracture; cardiovascular disease; menopausal hormone therapy; real-world data; realworld evidence; causal inference; pharmacovigilance; artificial intelligence; precision medicine.Abstract
Menopausal estrogen decline coincides with accelerated skeletal remodeling, redistribution of adipose tissue, adverse cardiometabolic changes and increasing cardiovascular risk. Distinguishing hormonal mechanisms from aging, behavioral changes and healthcare selection is necessary before attributing clinical events to estrogen deficiency alone. Objective: To critically integrate mechanistic research, clinical guidance, randomized evidence and observational data on bone
metabolism and cardiovascular health after menopause, while examining the relevance of real-world evidence and artificial intelligence.
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References
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