INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE
THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE IN USA is an intellectually stimulating platform where experts, scholars, and researchers from various corners of the globe convene to explore the intersections of diverse scientific disciplines. Hosted amidst USA's rich cultural tapestry, this conference serves as a melting pot of ideas, fostering collaborative discussions and the exchange of cutting-edge research across multiple fields. Embracing the essence of multidisciplinary studies, this conference offers a unique opportunity for participants to delve into the integration of sciences, engineering, technology, social sciences, and humanities. The event showcases innovative studies, breakthroughs, and advancements that transcend traditional disciplinary boundaries, encouraging cross-pollination of ideas and methodologies.
ДИФФЕРЕНЦИРОВАННЫЙ ВЫБОР МЕТОДА ПРОТЕЗНОЙ ПЛАСТИКИ ПРИ ПАХОВЫХ ГРЫЖАХ НА ОСНОВЕ КЛИНИКО-МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ОЦЕНКИ
Несмотря на широкое внедрение ненатяжной герниопластики, частота рецидивов и хронической послеоперационной боли (ХПБ) при паховых грыжах остаётся высокой. Одной из причин неудовлетворительных результатов является отсутствие индивидуализированного подхода к выбору метода операции и типа имплантата с учётом морфологического состояния задней стенки пахового канала.
MUHANDISLIK GRAFIKASI FANINI BIM TEXNOLOGIYALARIGA ASOSLANGAN DASTURLARDAN FOYDALANIB O‘QITISH METODIKASINI TAKOMILLASHTIRISH
This article discusses the issues of improving the methodology of teaching engineering graphics through Building Information Modeling (BIM)-based software technologies. Today, the rapid development of digital technologies requires the integration of innovative software into the educational process. In particular, the use of Autodesk Revit and other BIM-oriented programs in engineering graphics education helps students develop spatial imagination, graphic competence, and practical design skills. The article analyzes the didactic possibilities of BIM technologies, the advantages of parametric modeling, and the effectiveness of digital teaching methods. In addition, experimental results and methodological recommendations for organizing practical lessons based on BIM technologies are presented.
BIM technology, engineering graphics, Autodesk Revit, parametric modeling, digital education, CAD technologies, spatial thinking, graphic competence
VR VA AR TEXNOLOGIYALARI YORDAMIDA SPORT MASHG‘ULOTLARINI OPTIMALLASHTIRISH
So‘nggi yillarda sport mashg‘ulotlarini optimallashtirish va sportchilarning texnik, taktika hamda psixologik ko‘nikmalarini oshirish masalasi dolzarb mavzuga aylangan. An’anaviy mashg‘ulot usullari, garchi samarali bo‘lsa-da, sportchining individual xususiyatlarini hisobga olishda ba’zan cheklanganliklarga ega. Shu bois, innovatsion texnologiyalarni joriy etish sport jarayonini yanada samarali va xavfsiz qilishga imkon beradi. Ayniqsa, Virtual Reality (VR) va Augmented Reality (AR) texnologiyalari sport mashg‘ulotlarida yangi imkoniyatlar yaratmoqda. VR texnologiyasi sportchini to‘liq virtual muhitga kiritib, turli harakatlarni xavfsiz va takroriy bajarish imkonini beradi, shu bilan birga texnik xatolarni aniqlash va tuzatishda muhim vosita sifatida xizmat qiladi. AR texnologiyasi esa real muhitga raqamli elementlarni qo‘shib, sportchilarning texnika va taktika ko‘nikmalarini o‘rgatishda interaktivlikni oshiradi, mashg‘ulot jarayonini yanada qiziqarli va samarali qiladi.
VR technology, AR technology, sports training, innovative technologies, training efficiency, individualization
BO‘LAJAK INGLIZ TILI O‘QITUVCHILARIDA PROFESSIONAL KOMPETENSIYANI RIVOJLANTIRISHNING PEDAGOGIK SHART-SHAROITLARI
Mazkur maqolada bo‘lajak ingliz tili o‘qituvchilarining professional kompetensiyasini rivojlantirishning pedagogik asoslari, kompetensiyaviy yondashuvning mazmuni hamda pedagogik shart-sharoitlari tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek, innovatsion metodlar, kommunikativ yondashuv va amaliy mashg‘ulotlarning ahamiyati ochib berilgan.
professional kompetensiya, ingliz tili o‘qituvchisi, pedagogik kompetensiya, kommunikativ yondashuv, innovatsion texnologiyalar, metodik tayyorgarlik.
SINTETIK YOQILG‘I OLISH JARAYONIDA HOSIL BO‘LADIGAN QO‘SHIMCHA SUYUQ MAHSULOTLAR ASOSIDA ERITUVCHILAR OLISH TEXNOLOGIYASINI ISHLAB CHIQISH
Mazkur tadqiqot ishida sintetik yoqilg‘i ishlab chiqarish jarayonida hosil bo‘ladigan qo‘shimcha suyuq mahsulotlarning tarkibi chuqur fizik-kimyoviy tahlil qilinib, ular asosida texnik erituvchilar olish texnologiyasi ishlab chiqildi. Tadqiqot davomida gaz xromatografiyasi va mass-spektrometriya (GC-MS) tahlillari asosida qo‘shimcha mahsulot tarkibida metanol, etanol, propanol, butanol va pentanol kabi kislorodli organik birikmalarning mavjudligi aniqlandi. Ushbu komponentlarning yuqori ulushi qo‘shimcha mahsulotlarni kimyo sanoati uchun muhim xomashyo sifatida qayta ishlash imkonini beradi. Tadqiqot natijalariga ko‘ra, LFO fraksiyasini to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri yoqilg‘i sifatida ishlatish katta ekspluatatsion xarajatlarni talab qilishi, uni erituvchi sifatida qayta ishlash esa yuqori iqtisodiy samaradorlikka ega ekanligi aniqlandi.
sintetik yoqilg‘i, LFO, organik erituvchi, rektifikatsiya, GC-MS, texnik-iqtisodiy samaradorlik.
ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ КОРЕЙСКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ НА УРОКАХ КОРЕЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА В НАЧАЛЬНОЙ ШКОЛЕ
В современных условиях развития межкультурного образования особую актуальность приобретает обучение иностранным языкам с опорой на культурный компонент. Изучение корейского языка в начальной школе представляет собой не только процесс формирования языковых навыков, но и средство приобщения младших школьников к культуре, традициям и ценностям корейского народа. Использование элементов корейской культуры на уроках способствует повышению познавательного интереса учащихся, развитию мотивации к обучению и формированию этнокультурной компетентности.
OPTIMIZATION OF PRODUCTION COSTS USING 3D CAD/CAE MODELING (ENGINEERING COST REDUCTION ANALYSIS)
This article investigates the role of 3D CAD (Computer-Aided Design) and CAE (Computer-Aided Engineering) technologies in optimizing production costs through engineering cost reduction analysis. The study focuses on how digital modeling and simulation tools contribute to minimizing material waste, reducing prototyping expenses, improving design accuracy, and shortening product development cycles in modern manufacturing systems. In contemporary industrial engineering, cost efficiency is a key determinant of competitiveness. Traditional manufacturing approaches often involve high prototyping costs, design errors, and inefficient material utilization. The integration of CAD/CAE systems enables engineers to virtually design, test, and optimize products before physical production, significantly reducing financial and operational risks. The results of this study demonstrate that 3D CAD/CAE-based optimization not only improves technical performance but also provides substantial economic benefits by lowering production costs, enhancing resource efficiency, and accelerating time-to-market.
3D CAD, CAE, cost optimization, engineering economics, simulation, design optimization, manufacturing efficiency, digital engineering.
SYMBOLISM OF NATURE IN EMILY DICKINSON’S POETRY
This research investigates the symbolism of nature in the poetry of Emily Dickinson, with special emphasis on the poetic, emotional, and philosophical functions of natural imagery in her works. Dickinson is regarded as one of the most innovative and influential poets in American literature, and nature occupies a central place in her poetic imagination. Unlike many poets who use nature simply as a decorative background or as a realistic description of the external environment, Dickinson transforms natural elements into rich symbolic expressions that communicate profound existential, spiritual, and psychological concerns. Through her unique poetic style, she creates a symbolic relationship between the human mind and the natural world, allowing ordinary elements of nature to convey complex meanings related to life, death, faith, identity, suffering, and immortality. This study aims to examine how Dickinson employs natural imagery as a symbolic system that shapes the thematic depth and artistic originality of her poetry. The research is based on a qualitative textual analysis of selected poems in which nature imagery plays a significant role. By closely analyzing Dickinson’s poetic language, imagery, metaphors, and symbols, the study demonstrates that nature in her poetry functions not merely as an external reality but as a reflection of inner emotional and intellectual experiences. Dickinson frequently uses symbols such as birds, flowers, bees, seasons, light, storms, sunsets, and landscapes to express emotions and philosophical ideas that are often difficult to communicate directly. Her symbolic use of nature enables readers to explore the deeper psychological and spiritual dimensions of human existence. The study further reveals that Dickinson’s poetic treatment of nature combines emotional sensitivity with intellectual complexity, making her works open to multiple interpretations. One of the most significant aspects explored in this research is Dickinson’s symbolic use of birds. Birds appear repeatedly throughout her poetry and often represent freedom, hope, imagination, transcendence, and the soul’s desire to escape worldly limitations. In many poems, birds symbolize spiritual aspiration and emotional liberation, while in others they reflect fragility, isolation, or uncertainty. Dickinson’s famous use of the bird as a symbol of hope demonstrates how natural imagery can embody abstract emotional states in a vivid and accessible manner. Through such imagery, Dickinson creates a connection between the visible world of nature and the invisible world of human emotions and spiritual longing. Flowers also occupy an important symbolic position in Dickinson’s poetry. The study shows that flowers are frequently associated with beauty, purity, emotional sensitivity, mortality, and the transient nature of life. Dickinson often uses floral imagery to illustrate the delicate balance between life and death, growth and decay, permanence and impermanence. The blooming and fading of flowers symbolize the temporary nature of human existence and the inevitability of death. At the same time, flowers may also represent emotional intimacy, personal identity, and spiritual awakening. Dickinson’s attention to even the smallest details of nature reflects her belief that profound truths can be discovered in ordinary natural experiences. Another major focus of the research is Dickinson’s symbolic representation of seasons and landscapes. Seasonal imagery in her poetry frequently reflects the stages of human life and emotional transformation. Spring is often associated with renewal, hope, rebirth, and spiritual awakening, whereas winter symbolizes death, isolation, silence, and emotional suffering. Autumn may represent maturity, transition, or decline, while summer is linked to vitality, fulfillment, and temporary happiness. Through the cyclical movement of seasons, Dickinson illustrates the repetitive and unavoidable cycles of human existence. Natural landscapes, including gardens, forests, skies, and horizons, often function as symbolic spaces where emotional and philosophical conflicts unfold. These landscapes are not merely physical settings but psychological and spiritual environments that mirror the inner condition of the speaker. The study further explores Dickinson’s use of light and darkness as symbolic oppositions that communicate emotional and metaphysical meanings. Images of sunlight, dawn, and brightness often symbolize hope, truth, spiritual revelation, or intellectual clarity, while darkness, night, and shadows may represent fear, uncertainty, grief, or the mystery of death. However, Dickinson’s symbolism is rarely simple or one-dimensional. In many poems, light can also become overwhelming or inaccessible, while darkness may provide insight, reflection, or emotional depth. This ambiguity reflects Dickinson’s complex understanding of human experience and her resistance to absolute certainty. Her poetry frequently suggests that truth and meaning exist within uncertainty and contradiction. In contrast to traditional Romantic poets who often idealize nature as peaceful, harmonious, and comforting, Dickinson presents nature as mysterious, unpredictable, and sometimes indifferent to human suffering. While she deeply admires the beauty of the natural world, she also recognizes its power, silence, and ambiguity. Storms, thunder, and other violent natural phenomena in her poetry may symbolize emotional conflict, psychological turmoil, or existential anxiety. Nature in Dickinson’s works is therefore neither entirely benevolent nor entirely hostile; rather, it reflects the complexity and uncertainty of life itself. This distinctive portrayal of nature separates Dickinson from many earlier poetic traditions and contributes to the originality of her literary voice. The research also emphasizes the influence of Dickinson’s personal life, intellectual background, and spiritual questioning on her symbolic use of nature. Dickinson lived a largely secluded life, and her introspective personality greatly shaped her poetic perspective. Her questioning attitude toward organized religion and conventional social expectations encouraged her to seek spiritual understanding through personal observation and reflection rather than through established doctrines. Nature became one of the primary mediums through which she explored questions related to faith, immortality, divine presence, and the meaning of existence. Her symbolic treatment of natural imagery reflects both her emotional sensitivity and her philosophical depth, revealing a poet who constantly searched for truth within the ordinary experiences of life. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that Dickinson’s innovative use of natural symbolism contributes significantly to the originality of her poetic style. Her concise language, unconventional punctuation, compressed metaphors, and layered imagery create a unique poetic form in which natural symbols carry multiple meanings simultaneously. This symbolic richness allows her poetry to remain intellectually engaging and emotionally powerful for readers across different historical periods and cultural contexts. The universality of her themes, combined with the complexity of her symbolism, explains why Dickinson continues to be widely studied in literary criticism and academic research. The findings of this research reveal that nature symbolism is not simply an ornamental feature in Dickinson’s poetry but a central component of her artistic vision and thematic structure. Natural imagery functions as a bridge between the external world and the internal human experience, enabling Dickinson to express profound reflections on existence, mortality, spirituality, identity, and emotional consciousness. By examining the deeper meanings behind her symbolic use of nature, this study contributes to a broader understanding of Dickinson’s poetic artistry and highlights her enduring importance in American literature. Ultimately, the research demonstrates that Dickinson’s poetry transforms the natural world into a powerful symbolic language through which the complexities of human life and thought are explored with remarkable depth and originality.
Emily Dickinson ,symbolism, nature, Imagery, Metaphor, Spirituality, Existentialism, Philosophy, Identity, Mortality, Isolation, Transcendence, Seasons, Flowers, Birds, Landscapes, Light, Darkness, American Poetry, Poetics
THE CHALLENGES IN TRANSLATING TASTE AND SMELL ADJECTIVES FROM ENGLISH INTO UZBEK
This thesis examines the major linguistic and cultural difficulties in translating taste and smell adjectives from English into Uzbek. Sensory adjectives are closely connected with human perception, emotions, and cultural background; therefore, their translation requires more than direct lexical substitution. The study focuses on lexical gaps, semantic differences, polysemy, collocational restrictions, and cultural perception. English contains many nuanced sensory adjectives such as savory, tangy, pungent, and musty, which often lack direct Uzbek equivalents. Consequently, translators frequently rely on descriptive translation, approximation, and contextual adaptation. The analysis demonstrates that successful translation depends not only on linguistic competence but also on intercultural awareness and sensitivity to context.
taste adjectives, smell adjectives, sensory language, translation, lexical gaps, semantics, cultural differences
FILTR QURILMASI UCHUN CHANGNI TUTIB QOLUVCHI MATOLARINI TANLASH
In the experiments, the air permeability of the fabrics in the filter device was determined, as well as the cleaning efficiency and the degree of cleaning of the fabric surface from fibrous dust. When conducting the experiments, the most commonly used filter fabrics were first used. A filter made of polyester was installed and tested, and the fabrics obtained in this way were installed and tested.
Cotton fabrics, nitron, metallurgy, lavsan, wool fabrics, fiberglass fabrics, polyester.
O‘ZBEK XALQINING SHAKLLANISHINING ASOSIY YONDASHUVLARI
This thesis examines the scientific approaches of historians regarding the formation and ethnic history of the Uzbek people. The study of the history of Uzbekistan must, first and foremost, begin with the investigation of the ethnogenesis and ethnic history of its people. The formation of every nation consists of specific stages, marking the beginning and the completion of the process. Various approaches to the formation of the Uzbek people have been developed by historians, which are analyzed in depth using archaeological, written, and linguistic sources. Furthermore, the thesis provides a comparative analysis of both classical and modern scientific approaches to studying the stages of the ethnogenesis of the Uzbek people.
Uzbek people, ethnogenesis, ethnic history, stages of formation, autochthonous layer, Turkic tribes, historiography, archaeological sources, linguistic analysis.
STYLISTIC, STRUCTURAL AND IDEOLOGICAL ORIENTATION OF POLEMICAL STATEMENTS IN THE PUBLICISTIC WRITINGS OF ENGLISH ENLIGHTENERS AND JADID REFORMERS
This thesis analyzes the stylistic, structural and ideological orientation of polemical statements in the publicistic writings of English Enlighteners and Jadid reformers. The study focuses on Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Swift, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison, Richard Steele, Mahmudkhoja Behbudiy, Abdurauf Fitrat, Abdulla Avloniy and Abdulhamid Chulpan. The analysis shows that polemical statements in both traditions are based on the opposition between ignorance and enlightenment, moral passivity and social responsibility, old thinking and reformist ideas. English Enlightenment polemics often relies on rational argumentation, irony, satire and aphoristic expression. Jadid polemics combines rational criticism with emotional appeal, moral instruction and national reformist ideas.
polemical statement, style, structure, ideology, satire, irony, antithesis, publicism, English Enlightenment, Jadidism, reform, national awakening.
ХОРАЗМ ВИЛОЯТИДА ЯШОВЧИ АЁЛЛАРДА ТУРЛИ ХИЛ СЕМИЗЛИК ФОНИДА ЮЗАГА КЕЛГАН ГОНАРТРОЗЛАРДА ТИЗЗА БЎҒИМИ СОН СУЯГИ ЮЗАСИ ГИАЛИН ТОҒАЙИ ПАТОМОРФОЛОГИЯСИ
Хоразм вилоятида яшовчи аёлларда турли хил семизлик фонида юзага келган гонартрозларда тизза бўғими сон суяги юзаси гиалин тоғайи патоморфологиясида асосий жихатдан сон суяги бўғим юзаси олди ва ўрта ички юзасида гиалин тоғайларида алтерация ва гиалин моддасини эрозив емирилиши билан давом этишидир. бунда менисклар ва олдинги хочсимон бойламларни шикастланиши оқибатида, бўғим юзалари оғирлик таянч нуқтасини ўзгариши натижасида гиалин қоплами таркибидаги коллаген толаларни титилиши, ишқалинишни кучайиши хондроцитлар жойлашган ўрта ва чуқур сохаларида дистрофик ва некробиотик ўзгаришлар устунлиги билан давом этиши натижасида, эпиметафизао сохалар билан биргаликда шикастланиш кучаяди.
патоморфология, бғим юзаси, гонартроз, семизлик, гиалин қопламаси, коллаген толалар.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MODERN INSULATION MATERIALS IN INCREASING THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF ROOF STRUCTURES
At present, one of the most critical global challenges facing humanity is the conservation of energy resources and their rational use. Population growth, the rapid pace of urbanization, and the demands of modern living have led to a continuous increase in energy consumption. In this context, improving the energy efficiency of residential buildings is of paramount importance not only from an economic perspective, but also from environmental and social viewpoints. Energy-inefficient buildings require excessive amounts of energy for heating and cooling, which increases household expenses and causes significant environmental impacts.
SOCIAL MEDIA AS A FACTOR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF YOUTH LANGUAGE IN ENGLISH
This thesis examines social media as an important factor in the development of youth language in English. The study analyzes how digital platforms such as TikTok, Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat influence the vocabulary, communication styles, and linguistic behavior of young people. Special attention is given to the emergence of slang expressions, abbreviations, neologisms, internet-based phrases, and informal language patterns widely used in online communication. The research also explores the role of social media in accelerating linguistic innovation, shaping youth identity, and transforming traditional communication norms. The findings demonstrate that social media has become a major force in the evolution of modern English youth language and continues to influence contemporary linguistic trends.
Social media, youth language, English language, slang, neologism, digital communication, internet language, online interaction, linguistic innovation, communication style.
UY XO‘JALIGIGA OID QUSHLAR HAQIDA FRAZEOLOGIZLAR
This article analyzes the linguistic and semantic features of phraseological units involving the names of household birds. The study highlights the semantic expression, level of imagery, and connection of bird-name expressions found in Uzbek and English with the national and cultural views of the people. It also shows the stylistic function of phraseologisms in speech related to domestic poultry such as chicken, rooster, duck, goose, and others, and their communicative significance. The reflection of the lifestyle, values, and mentality of the people through phraseological units is scientifically substantiated.
Phraseologism, household birds, zoonym, paremiology, semantics, imagery, linguoculturology, idiomatic units, national mentality, stylistic features.
ВЛИЯНИЕ ПРОДОЛЖИТЕЛЬНОСТИ РАБОЧЕЙ НЕДЕЛИ НА ПРОИЗВОДИТЕЛЬНОСТЬ ТРУДА
В данной статье рассматривается влияние продолжительности рабочей недели на производительность труда работников. В современных экономических условиях эффективность труда становится одним из главных факторов развития предприятий и национальной экономики. Продолжительность рабочего времени напрямую влияет на физическое и психологическое состояние работников, уровень мотивации, качество выполняемой работы и общую производительность труда. В статье анализируются преимущества и недостатки длинной и сокращённой рабочей недели, рассматривается международный опыт организации труда, а также влияние современных технологий на изменение подходов к рабочему времени. Особое внимание уделяется вопросу повышения эффективности труда при оптимальном распределении рабочего времени.
рабочая неделя, производительность труда, эффективность, рабочее время, экономика, мотивация, трудовые ресурсы, производительность, занятость, организация труда.
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF ALKALOID COMPOUNDS IN LAGOCHILUS INEBRIANS BGE.
Lagochilus inebrians Bge. is one of the valuable medicinal plants belonging to the family Lamiaceae. This plant is widely known for its biologically active compounds and has traditionally been used in folk medicine due to its sedative, hemostatic, anti-inflammatory and pharmacological properties. The chemical composition of Lagochilus inebrians includes various groups of secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids, tannins, diterpenoids, essential oils, phenolic compounds and alkaloids. Among these compounds, alkaloids are of particular scientific interest because they often show strong physiological activity even in small amounts. The present thesis is devoted to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of alkaloid compounds found in Lagochilus inebrians Bge. The study focuses on the extraction of alkaloid-containing fractions from plant material, the detection of alkaloids by specific qualitative reactions, and the determination of their total amount using analytical methods. The relevance of this research is associated with the need to study the phytochemical composition of local medicinal plants, to identify biologically active substances, and to evaluate the potential of plant raw materials as sources of natural compounds for pharmaceutical use.
Lagochilus inebrians, alkaloids, qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis, medicinal plants, phytochemistry, chromatography, biologically active substances
SUN’IY INTELLEKTDAN FOYDALANISH ORQALI 7–8-SINF O‘QUVCHILARINI INGLIZ TILIDA KOMMUNIKATIV KO‘NIKMALARINI SHAKLLANTIRISH.
This article analyzes the development of communicative skills in English among 7th–8th grade students through the use of artificial intelligence technologies. The study examines the influence of AI-based platforms, interactive applications, and digital tools on students’ speaking abilities, listening comprehension, vocabulary acquisition, and communication activity. In addition, the pedagogical potential of artificial intelligence in providing individualized learning, increasing motivation, and creating a real communicative environment is highlighted. The findings demonstrate that the integration of AI technologies into English language teaching enhances educational effectiveness, develops independent thinking skills, and contributes significantly to the formation of communicative competence.
Artificial intelligence, communicative competence, English language, digital education, interactive platform, speech activity, AI technologies, learning process, communicative approach, innovative pedagogy.
QORAMOLCHILIK – QISHLOQ XO‘JALIGINING MUHIM TARMOG‘I SIFATIDA
Livestock farming is an important branch of agriculture and plays a significant role in ensuring food security, economic development, and maintaining agro-ecological sustainability. This study examines the economic, social, and environmental aspects of livestock farming. It also analyzes the role of livestock farming in the agricultural system and its development prospects. Based on local and international experience, necessary measures for the development of livestock farming are proposed.
livestock farming, agriculture, economic development, ecological sustainability.
SO’NGGI YILLARDA SUN’IY INTELLEKTNING YURIDIK SOHADAGA O’RNI VA AHAMIYATI
Bugungi kunda sun'iy intellekt (AI) huquq tizimining turli yo‘nalishlarida, xususan, sud amaliyoti, huquqiy tahlil, elektron hujjatlar aylanmasi va advokatlik faoliyatlarida muhim vositaga aylanib bormoqda. Mazkur maqolada Suniy Intellekt texnologiyalarining yuridik sohaga kirib kelishi, uning afzalliklari, xavflari hamda kelgusidagi istiqbollari haqida ma'lumotlar keltirilgan. Tadqiqot doirasida huquqiy jarayonlarni avtomatlashtirish, shartnomalarni tahlil qilish, katta hajmdagi ma'lumotlar bazasini boshqarish va sud qarorlarini prognozlash samaradorligi xorijiy tajriba asosida tahlil qilingan. Shu bilan birga, SI tomonidan yaratilgan ma'lumotlarning huquqiy maqomi, axborot xavfsizligi va shaxsiy ma'lumotlarni himoya qilish bilan bog‘liq huquqiy-etik muammolar ko‘rib chiqilgan. 2024-2026-yillar davomida sun'iy intellektning (SI) yuridik sohada tutgan o‘rni, huquqiy jarayonlarni avtomatlashtirish, hujjatlar tahlili va sud qarorlarini prognozlashdagi samaradorligi tahlil qilinadi. Suniy Intellekt texnologiyalarining huquqiy xizmatlar sifatini oshirish bilan birga, axborot xavfsizligi, etika va javobgarlik kabi huquqiy muammolarni keltirib chiqarayotgani muhokama etiladi.
sun'iy intellekt, yuridik soha, LegalTech, huquqiy tahlil, huquqiy avtomatlashtirish, huquqiy maqom, raqamli texnologiyalar, ma'lumotlar xavfsizligi,shartnomalar tahlili,pretsedentlar qidirish,
LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF COMMODITY CLASSIFICATION AND ADVANCE RULINGS OF CUSTOMS AUTHORITIES AS A FACTOR IN REDUCING TRANSACTION COSTS IN FOREIGN TRADE
the article examines the impact of legal certainty in commodity classification and the institution of advance rulings issued by customs authorities on the economic effectiveness of foreign economic activity. The author considers classification not merely as a legal and technical procedure for assigning goods to codes of the Commodity Nomenclature of Foreign Economic Activity (CN FEA), but also as an instrument for managing fiscal risks, time losses, logistical delays, and compliance costs borne by participants in foreign trade. On the basis of materials relating to Uzbekistan, the provisions of the Harmonized System, the rules of the Customs Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, and contemporary international approaches, the article proposes a model in which an advance classification ruling and digital verification of commodity characteristics serve as key factors in reducing transaction costs and increasing the predictability of customs administration.
commodity classification; CN FEA; Harmonized System; advance ruling; customs administration; foreign economic activity; transaction costs; digitalization of customs; interpretation of tariff headings; customs risks.
IJTIMOIY TARMOQLARNING O'SMIRLAR RUHIY SALOMATLIGIGA TA'SIRI
Ushbu maqola ijtimoiy tarmoqlarning o‘smirlar ruhiy salomatligiga ta’sirini o‘rganadi. Maqolada ijtimoiy tarmoqlarning ijobiy va salbiy ta’sirlari, stress, uyqusizlik, o‘zini past baholash va internetdagi kiberzo‘ravonlik kabi muammolar ko‘rib chiqiladi. Shuningdek, o‘smirlarning ruhiy salomatligini saqlash va ijtimoiy tarmoqlardan sog‘lom foydalanish bo‘yicha tavsiyalar berilgan. Tadqiqotlar natijalari asosida maqola ota-onalar, pedagoglar va o‘smirlar uchun foydali qo‘llanma sifatida xizmat qiladi.
IRONY AS A TOOL OF SOCIAL CRITICISM IN CHARLES DICKENS' GREAT EXPECTATIONS
​ This thesis examines the multifaceted role of irony as a strategic instrument of social criticism in Charles Dickens’s masterpiece, Great Expectations. By analyzing the trajectory of the protagonist, Pip, the study explores how Dickens employs situational, verbal, and structural irony to dismantle Victorian illusions regarding social class, wealth, and the moral standing of a “gentleman.” The research highlights the ironic contrast between the source of Pip’s fortune—the convict Magwitch—and the aristocratic decay of Satis House, suggesting that true nobility resides in moral integrity rather than inherited or acquired status. Furthermore, the paper critiques the systemic biases within the Victorian legal system and the dehumanizing effects of unbridled social ambition. Ultimately, the thesis argues that Dickens’s use of irony serves as a profound moral compass, forcing a reappraisal of human values in a materialistic society.
Charles Dickens, Great Expectations, Irony, Social Criticism, Victorian Class Structure, Gentlemanly Ideal, Moral Ambition, Pip’s Journey, Satire, Nineteenth-century Literature.
INGLIZ VA O‘ZBEK TILLARIDA VAQT TUSHUNCHASIGA OID LEKSIK BIRLIKLARNING QIYOSIY TAHLILI
Mazkur tezis ingliz va o‘zbek tillarida “vaqt” mazmunini ifodalovchi leksik birliklarning qiyosiy tahlilini taqdim etadi. Vaqt kategoriyasi har bir tilda o‘ziga xos usullar va birliklar orqali ifodalanadi. Tezisda ingliz va o‘zbek tillarida vaqtni ifodalash vositalari (masalan, vaqt birliklari nomlari, kun qismlari atamalari, frazeologizmlar va grammatik shakllar) o‘rganilib, ularning semantik va madaniy jihatdan farqlanish xususiyatlari yoritiladi. Tahlil natijasida har ikki tildagi umumiy va o‘ziga xos jihatlar ochib beriladi hamda vaqt konseptining lingvistik ifodasi milliy tafakkur va madaniyat bilan bog‘liqligi xulosa qilinadi.
vaqt konsepti; leksik birliklar; qiyosiy tahlil; kun qismlari; frazeologizmlar; zamon shakllari.
HARBIY XIZMATCHILAR VA HARBIY JAMOANI O’RGANISHNING PSIXOLOGIK NAZARIY ASOSLARI
This article examines the psychological theoretical foundations of studying military personnel and military teams from a systematic perspective. The research explores modern approaches in military psychology, focusing on the psychological interactions between individuals and groups, leadership, motivation, stress resilience, and adaptation processes. Special attention is given to the interaction of individual and socio-psychological factors within the military environment. The study proposes theoretical models and conceptual frameworks aimed at improving the effectiveness of military teams through psychological research methods. The findings contribute to strengthening the psychological preparedness of military personnel and optimizing collective performance.
Military psychology, military personnel, military team, psychological adaptation, leadership, motivation, stress resilience, socio-psychological factors, interpersonal relations, psychological readiness
THE DEVELOPMENT AND LEXICAL LAYERS OF ANTHROPONYMS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES
The lexical stratification and historical evolution of anthroponyms in Uzbek and English are examined in this thesis. As an important part of onomastics, anthroponyms show how language, culture, and society have changed throughout time. The study looks at how personal name systems have changed over time in both languages, emphasizing the impact of religious beliefs, historical occurrences, and cross-cultural interactions. The lexical layers—native, borrowed, and hybrid elements—that make up anthroponyms are given particular consideration. The comparative study highlights the significance of personal names as indicators of identity and cultural heritage by revealing both parallels and discrepancies in their creation and usage in Uzbek and English.
Anthroponyms, onomastics, lexical layers, English language, Uzbek language, naming system, etymology, cultural influence.
LEGAL PROBLEMS AND PRACTICE OF ONE-SIDED TERMINATION OF A PROFESSIONAL SPORTS COACHING CONTRACT BY A COACH
In modern professional sports, the relationship between a coach and a sports club (or federation) possesses a complex legal nature and is governed by both labour law and specific norms of sports law. In practice, the unilateral termination of a contract by a club (for example, due to unsatisfactory sporting results) is a common occurrence and has been widely examined. However, the unilateral termination of a contract by a coach has been comparatively under-researched, despite constituting a pressing legal issue that may lead to highly contentious consequences in practice. The unilateral termination of a sports contract by a coach typically occurs for two main reasons: first, within the framework of “just cause” - for instance, in cases of systematic non-payment of salary by the club or unlawful interference with the coach’s professional activities; and second, “without just cause” - such as when the coach receives a more favorable financial offer. Although national labour laws generally guarantee an employee’s right to terminate an employment contract at their own discretion, in sports law and in the jurisprudence of the Court of Arbitration for Sport, the principle of contractual stability is considered paramount. This creates a legal conflict between national labour codes and international sports law. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the legal grounds for the unilateral termination of a sports contract by a coach, the criteria for recognizing such termination as lawful (with just cause), and the legal and financial consequences arising from such actions for the parties involved, including obligations to pay compensation.
SCIENTIFIC AND THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR IMPROVING THE ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC MECHANISMS OF RECREATIONAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN UZBEKISTAN
This article discusses the prospects of tourism in the world economy, its place in socio-economic development, practical aspects of its importance and development, and the need to scientifically research its theoretical and methodological foundations. In their research, world scientists focus on clarifying the essence of the concept of "recreational tourism".
World economy, tourism perspective, socio-economic development, recreational tourism, C. Michael Hall & Stephen J. Page,
THE CONCEPT OF MIND IN LANGUAGE AND THOUGHT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ENGLISH AND UZBEK PERSPECTIVES
This article presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of the concept of mind as reflected in language and thought, with particular focus on English and Uzbek perspectives. The study explores how linguistic structures and cultural frameworks influence the conceptualization of cognitive processes, including reasoning, memory, consciousness, and emotional experience. The concept of mind is examined as a multidimensional construct that integrates both abstract and context-dependent elements, shaped by socio-cultural and linguistic environments. The analysis highlights that in English, the term “mind” functions as a broad and flexible category encompassing various cognitive and emotional processes, often expressed through metaphorical extensions. In contrast, the Uzbek language demonstrates a more differentiated approach by employing multiple lexical units such as “ong,” “aql,” and “fikr,” each representing specific aspects of mental activity.
concept of mind, language and thought, linguistic relativity, cognitive processes, English and Uzbek comparison, conceptualization, intercultural communication, cognitive linguistics